Capgras syndrome, also known as Capgras delusion, is a very rare form of psychological disorder wherein a person becomes convinced that someone close to them has been replaced by an identical-looking imposter. Most often, such a belief is addressed toward a spouse, parent, child, or primary caretaker. The condition belongs to a group called delusional misidentification syndromes.
People who have Capgras syndrome believe this new reality. Even when the evidence is so clear, they are sure the person they know and trust is no longer the same.
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What is Capgras syndrome?
Capgras syndrome is characterised by a disconnection between recognition and emotional relatedness. One may recognize a loved one visually but feels no sense of emotional familiarity; thus, they conclude that the individual must be an imposter. It is usually associated with neurological disorders or severe mental illnesses. Treatment usually includes antipsychotic medication to decrease the delusions, plus continued treatment of the underlying medical or psychiatric cause.
What are the symptoms of Capgras syndrome?
The central symptom is the conviction that a close relative or friend has been replaced. On encountering the so-called imposter, an individual may:
Become agitated, angry, or distressed
Refuse to communicate when the person is present.
Say the imposter makes them anxious or fearful.
Exhibit aggressive behaviour, including threats or attempts to attack physically
Reject any evidence that the person is real.
Become preoccupied with uncovering the imposter
These reactions are not deliberate, but a product of one's changed perception.
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What causes Capgras syndrome?
There is no confirmed single cause. According to a report by the Cleveland Clinic, research suggests the condition may be disordered between the temporal lobe, which is responsible for face recognition, and the amygdala, which processes emotional responses.
Several conditions are associated with Capgras syndrome, including:
Brain injuries, particularly traumatic injuries affecting the temporal cortex or amygdala
Schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, bipolar disorder, and depression are other mental health disorders.
Neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and Lewy body dementia. Other neurological disorders include epilepsy, stroke, infections, and toxin exposures.
How is Capgras syndrome diagnosed and treated?
The medical history, neurological examinations, and imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRI, help the doctors diagnose Capgras syndrome. The condition does not resolve spontaneously. The symptoms could be improved with antipsychotic medications and counselling; treatment of the underlying condition remains imperative.
Capgras syndrome does not directly impact a person's life expectancy. The outcomes are determined by the primary illness causing the condition.
How do you care for someone with Capgras syndrome?
For caregivers, the condition can become emotionally draining. As per a report by the Cleveland Clinic, experts recommend not challenging the condition and instead suggest announcing oneself before entering the field of view and arranging respite caregiving if needed. Playing along might minimise friction and discomfort for both parties.
